A New Version Of The Portable Forced Oscillation Technique

Specific Aim1: Develop a new version of the portable FOT to track changes in hourly temporal variation in respiratory system impedance (Zrs) and phase. Hypothesis: The newly developed portable Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT) measures the respiratory impedance as accurately as existing market devices. This aim is designed to validate the lab developed devices. Rationale: Current methods to evaluate the respiratory system are limited to Spirometry and Forced Oscillation Technique. Spirometry is the gold standard test to evaluate the respiratory system[1]. Although it has been used for decades, it has several limitations which makes it difficult to be used in early detection for any pulmonary diseases including asthma. One major†¦show more content†¦In specific aim 1 we will build and validate the portable version of the FOT. It will be small in size and low in cost, to be used in patient’s home to measure impedance and phase throughout the day. The lab-developed FOT will be validated versus the FOT devices on the market to ensure data accuracy and precision. The validation process starts by recruiting a group of healthy subjects. Then, respiratory system impedance data will be collected using the lab-develop FOT and market device FOT for statistic comparison. Experimental Strategy: 1. Design Overview: The main goal of this specific aim is to design a portable Forced Oscillation Technique device that is small in size and low in cost. The device to be used in the patient’s home to evaluate the respiratory system impedance. The device uses an Intel Galileo2 microprocessor that generates the excitation sound wave signal to the loudspeaker. The low amplitude pressure sound wave travels through a penumotachograph that connects to two differentiation pressure transducers (SDXL005D4) then to the patient respiratory system. To avoid CO2 rebreathing there is a bias resistance that connects at the penumotachograph as shown in fig (1) to allow spontaneous breathing. All calculation will be done within the microprocessor and data will be

The Walmart Case And Applied The Concepts Exposed By Cage...

3. Strategy Formation We analyzed the Walmart case and applied the concepts exposed by CAGE distance framework (Cultural, Administrative, Geographic, and Economic Distance). We saw how Walmart took notable advantage in some foreign regions such as Mexico and Canada. However the CAGE distance proved to be disappointingly significant for Walmart and produced mixed results not even close to the dominance exhibited in the US and in some others foreign locations this proved to be a disastrous venture (Germany China). This aspect is very important when we seek to form and create strategy, in essence we should ask ourselves if we are looking at the problems, issues, or proposed strategy from the same lens. It is very often that we overlook†¦show more content†¦Also significant to my edification was the lessons that high risk/high reward does not imply high cost or highly resourced, but rather can mean integrating, combining, adapting from already existing technologies and ideas from passionate individuals (Abraham Karem /Predator drone, Steve Jobs/I-products and Elon Musk /Tesla). The DARPA case had me thinking of strategy implementation, and how well do we get focused on integrating and putting an actual strategy into practice to meet our organizational goals. The idea behind DARPA arose in 1958 from an American urgency to not fall behind in the Cold War with the Soviet Union and the quickening pace of technology (USSR had launched world’s first satellite Sputnik). So hence this notion of research, gathering and cultivating breakthrough technologies that can quickly be moved to transformative ideas and consequential new realities as opposed to playing catch-up. The case study about TESLA was very insightful in the relentless quest for innovation and redefining the world’s transition to sustainable energy. It is inexplicable at times to understand the current policies of our administration such as the US withdrawal from Paris climate agreement. However the road has been paved for the investment in renewable energy and we now see more and more world governments, global commerce and transnational industry are embarking on a plan toShow MoreRelatedCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers orRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesChange Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager Harvard Business Review Finance Articles Eclipse of the Public Corporation Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages......................................................................................... 488 The Scientific Method ........................................................................................................................ 490 Some Case Studies ............................................................................................................................. 491 Review of Major Points .....................................................................................

Dakota, Minnesota Eastern Railroad Essay Example For Students

Dakota, Minnesota Eastern Railroad Essay I. Historical AnalysisDakota, Minnesota Eastern Railroad (DME), one of the longest regional railroads in the United States, was Created in 1986 out of a railroad line others wanted to abandon, DME has overcome adversities and met many challenges to gain a prominent position among the nations regional railroads. The railroads mainline extends from the Mississippi River at Winona, Minnesota across southern Minnesota and central South Dakota to Rapid City. In 1996, the DM;E acquired more than 200 miles of track from Union Pacific Railroad, extending from Colony, Wyoming through Rapid City to Crawford, Nebraska. DM;E began operations with 130 employees, 37 locomotives and no freight cars. DM;E now employs 350 people, and owns or leases approximately 70 locomotives and almost 3,200 freight cars. SALES REVENUE 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 45,726,418 56,562,557 57,481,756 56,913,098 60,921,784 NET INCOME 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 3,389,769 2,824,944 593,215 2,630,427 3,671,342 Grain currently accounts for more than 40 percent of the railroads 60,000 annual carloadings, which have increased more than 40 percent since 1987 Other major commodities include bentonite clay, canned goods, cement, fertilizer, iron and steel, kaolin clay, lumber, paper products, scrap iron, soybean oil and meal, crushed stone, wheat flour and wood chips. Marketing and Advertising

Theories of How Life Began on Earth Essay Example Essay Example

Theories of How Life Began on Earth Essay Example Paper Theories of How Life Began on Earth Essay Introduction Carolyn Godfrey English 101 Ms. Lazzo 10/26/2010 Theories of how Life on Earth began We certainly know that our universe exists, however, this knowledge alone has not satisfied mankind’s quest for further understanding. Our curiosity has led us to question our place in this universe and furthermore, the place of the universe itself. Throughout time we have asked ourselves questions such as: How did our universe began? How old is our universe? How did matter come to exist? Obviously, the search for clues has not ceased. Yet, after all this energy has been expanded, much of what we know is still only speculation. We have however, come a long way from the mystical beginnings of the study of cosmology and the origins of the universe. The theories I have heard about how life on earth began are interesting but the one that makes the most sense to me is Creationism. There are numerous theories that mankind has come to believe how life began on earth. One theory is The Big Bang theory . The Big Bang is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. Theories of How Life Began on Earth Essay Body Paragraphs Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment. According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as â€Å"singularity† around 13. 7 billion years ago. What is a â€Å"singularity† and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don’t know for sure. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics. They are thought to exist at the core of â€Å"black holes. † Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called â€Å"singularities. † Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something – a singular ity. Where did it come from? We don’t know. Why did it appear? We don’t know. What are the major evidences which support The Big Bang theory? First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning. Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called â€Å"Hubble’s Law,† named after Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) who discovered this phenomenon in 1929. This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted. Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as The Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, Radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2. 725 degree Kelvin (-454. 765 degree Fahrenheit, -270. 25 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. This is thought to be the remnant which scientists were looking for. Penzias a nd Wilson shared in the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery. Finally, the abundance of the â€Å"light elements† Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support The Big Bang model of origin (Kupperbang 33). Any discussion of The Big Bang theory would be incomplete without asking the question, what about God? This is because cosmogony (the study of the origin of the universe) is an area where science and theology meet. Creation was a supernatural event. That is, it took place outside of the natural realm. Another popular theory is â€Å"Evolution. † Darwin’s theory of Evolution is his widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: birds and bananas, the fishes and the flowers. –all related. Darwin’s general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) â€Å"descent w ith modification. † That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organism’s genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival–a process known as â€Å"Natural Selection. † These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation. Overtime, beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism, not just a variation of the original, but an entirely different creature. Darwin’s theory of evolution became a theory in crisis when advances were made in molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics over the past fifty years. We now know that there are in fact tens of thousands of irreducibly complex systems on the cellular level. Specified complexity pervades the microscopic biological world. Molecular biologist Michael Denton wrote. â€Å"Although the tiniest bacterial cells are incredibly small weighing less than 10 grams, each is in effect a veritable microminiaturized factory contains thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, made up together of one hundred thousand million atoms far more complicated than any machinery built by man and absolutely without parallel in the non-living world. We do not need a microscope to observe irreducible complexity. The eye, the ear and the heart are examples of irreducible complexity, though they were not recognized as such in Darwin’s day. Nevertheless, Darwin confessed, â€Å"To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances for admitting different amounts of light, and for correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree. This brings us to another theory, Intelligent Design. What is Intelligent? Intelligent design refers to a scientific researc h program as well as a community of scientists, philosophers and other scholars who seek evidence of design in nature. The theory of intelligent design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection. Through the study and analysis of a system’s components, a design theorist is able to determine whether various natural structures are the product of chance natural law, intelligent design, or some combination thereof. Such research is conducted by observing the types of information produced when intelligent agents act. Scientists then seek to find objects which have those same types of informational properties which are commonly known to come from intelligence. Intelligent design has applied these scientific methods to detect design in irreducibly complex biological structures, the complex and specified information content in DNA, the life-sustaining physical archite cture of the universe, and the geologically rapid origin of biological diversity in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion approximately 530 million years ago The theory of Intelligent Design is simply an effort to empirically detect whether the â€Å"apparent design† in nature acknowledged by virtually all biologists is genuine design (the product of an intelligent cause) or is simply the product of an ndirected process such as natural selection acting on random variations. Intelligent Design vs. Creationism typically starts with a religious text and tries to see how the findings of science can be reconciled to it. Intelligent design starts with the empirical evidence of nature and seeks to ascertain what inferences can be drawn from that evidence. Unlike creationism, the scientific theory of intelligent design does not claim that modern biology can identify whether the intelligent cause detected through science is supernatural. Honest critics of intelligent design acknowledge the difference between intelligent design and creationism. University of Wisconsin historian of science Ronald Numbers is critical of intelligent design, yet according to the Associated Press, he â€Å"agrees the creationist label is inaccurate when it comes to the ID [intelligent design] movement. † Why, then, do some Darwinists keep trying to conflate intelligent design with creationism? According to Dr. Numbers, it is because they think such claims are â€Å"the easiest way to discredit intelligent design. In other words, the charge that intelligent design is â€Å"creationism† is a rhetorical strategy on the part of Darwinists who wish to delegitimize design theory without actually addressing the merits of its case. Is intelligent design a scientific theory? Yes. The scientific method is commonly described as a four-step process involving observations, hypothesis, experiments, and conclusion. Intelligent design begins with the observation that intellig ent agents produce complex and specified information (CSI). Design theorists hypothesize that if a natural object was designed, it will contain high levels of CSI. Scientists then perform experimental tests upon natural objects to determine if they contain complex and specified information. One easily testable form of CSI is irreducible complexity, which can be discovered by experimentally reverse-engineering biological structures to see if they require all of their parts to function. When ID researchers find irreducible complexity in biology, they conclude that such structures were designed â€Å"Is there really a Creator? â€Å"Did we come from monkeys, or fish, or a tadpole, or were our ancestors actually humans all along? † â€Å"How old is the earth? † â€Å"Did it come about from an explosion, or was intelligent design involved? † As modern day scientists continually dream up new ways of explaining away evidences of Creation, more skepticism arises over t he true origin of life as we know it. Fortunately, the book of G enesis holds the answers to every Creationism question imaginable, and it’s there for the taking for anyone who is willing to listen and read. From world origins to world religions, one needs to search no farther than Genesis for answers to life’s toughest questions. Theories surrounding our origin have floated around for centuries; some have died out, some have morphed into new theories, and some have come to stay. But whatever the theory, if it’s not Biblical in my opinion, it’s not true. This is one fact most individuals find hard to accept. Even when the science is presented, ears are deafened and hearts are blinded to reality. But the truth of the matter is that each theory based upon an origin of chance can be easily debunked when aligned with Genesis concepts. Perhaps the most monumental is the creation of the universe as a whole. Work Cited Evolution. 2001. lt;http://pbs. org/wgbh/ev olution/index. htmlgt;. Kupperbang, Paul. Hubble and the Big Bang. New York: NY, 2005. Print. Petto, Andrew, and Laurie Godfrey. Scientists Confront Intelligent Design and Creationism:. Berkeley: CA, 2007. Print. The Big Bang Theory. n. d. 26 October 2010 lt;http://big-bang-theory. comgt;. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of How Life Began on Earth Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of How Life Began on Earth Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of How Life Began on Earth Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Quotient Example

Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Quotient Example In chemistry, the reaction quotient Q relates the amounts of products and reactants in a chemical reaction at a given point in time. If the reaction quotient is compared with the equilibrium constant, the direction of the reaction may be known. This example problem demonstrates how to use the reaction quotient to predict the direction of a chemical reaction towards equilibrium.Problem:Hydrogen and Iodine gas react together to form hydrogen iodide gas. The equation for this reaction isH2(g) I2(g) ↔ 2HI(g)The equilibrium constant for this reaction is 7.1 x 102 at 25 Â °C. If the current concentration of gases are[H2]0 0.81 M[I2]0 0.44 M[HI]0 0.58 Mwhat direction will the reaction shift to reach equilibrium?SolutionTo predict the direction of equilibrium of a reaction, the reaction quotient is used. The reaction quotient, Q, is calculated in the same way as the equilibrium constant, K. Q uses the current or initial concentrations instead of the equilibrium concentrations use d to calculate K. Once found, the reaction quotient is compared to the equilibrium constant. If Q K, there there are more reactants present that at equilibrium and reaction will shift to the right.If Q K, then there are more products present than equilibrium and the reaction will need to produce more reactants shifting the reaction to the left.If Q K, then the reaction is already at equilibrium and there will be no shift. Step 1 - Find QQ [HI]02/[H2]0Â ·[I2]0Q (0.58 M)2/(0.81 M)(0.44 M)Q 0.34/.35Q 0.94Step 2 - Compare Q to KK 7.1 x 102 or 710 Q 0.94 Q is less than K Answer:The reaction will shift to the right to produce more hydrogen iodide gas to reach equilibrium.

Policy Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy Report - Research Paper Example The agreement was initiated in the year 1994 comprising of complex principles as well as lengthy documents. Altogether, the principles have been documented in eight sections, 22 chapters and nearly 2000 pages. It generally sets rules for international trade as well as investment between Canada, the United States as well as Mexico (USDA, 2004). The major issues associated with NAFTA can be identified with reference to various occasions. For instance, since the agreement has been signed, a substantial deficit became gradually apparent between the three nations leading towards dislocation of resources. Furthermore, the manufacturing sector also had to witness a decline that endorsed numerous US jobs. Besides, it was observed that most of the US companies re-established their manufacturing units to Mexico at the cost of many US jobs. To mitigate such consequential effects, countries attempted to impose threat related to the re-establishment of businesses to squeeze concessions in wages and thus attain greater benefits (Office of United States Trade Representative, 2012). There are numerous parties who have been involved in resolving the issues at NAFTA including the Mexican economy, multinational companies based on any of the three countries (i.e. Mexico, Canada and United States) and US Federal Government acting as a combined decision maker bloc of Canada and the United States of America. These three parties play a vital role in assisting United States at minimising the trade deficit which was initially observed in the international trade affairs between the allied nations. The other parties involved in this process include the US companies who must have the capability to compete on the world stage, socially conscious as well as responsible organisations that are sponsoring training programs (Office of United States Trade

Strategic management. read article then answer questions Essay

Strategic management. read article then answer questions - Essay Example This confounding hinders the fact that resource-based concept is only one of the various strategic logics within heterogeneous firms that leads to intra-industry performance differences. The influence of environments on company performance has been a key theme in strategy and has become a function of the fit between organizational structure and the environmental setting (Porter, 1996). Extrapolating this argument to inter-organizational level, researchers argue that the influence of network position on firm performance is controlled by the environmental context. Essential to the argument is that changes in the environment influence the nature of skills and capabilities needed for competitive advantage. Since network positions are crucial to firms in an attempt to acquire appropriate skills and capabilities, firms are compelled to strategically design their networks to acquire skills and capabilities in a changed environment. Nevertheless, any mismatch between needs of the environment and the firm’s position could have serious performance implications (Bingham and Eisenhardt, 2008). Position strategy has various advantages like constructing an impressive empire surrounding an attractive market that offers long-term competitive advantage. In addition, competitive advantage relies on valuable strategic position within an industry and linking the various resources to defend the position, since strategic positioning drives huge profitability (Peteraf, 1993). Often companies defend their position by combining resources that their competitors find difficult to imitate; therefore, position strategy links resources to successfully defend an organization from challengers. Nevertheless, like any strategy, the position strategy has its vulnerability factor which is change since when industries change relocating a business empire locked in a strategic position is tough. The weaknesses of this strategy include dismantling synergies in case of change that management wo rked hard to put in place and exposing the organization to risks in transition to a fresh strategy. Thus, change forces managers to dismantle their resources in position strategy and reassembling them in fresh strategic positions, which consumes time and potentially lethal because performance may stall until all pieces are reassembled (Siggelkow, 2001). Currently firms are leveraging on social media tools in an attempt to attract consumers to engage in their interactive online social environment (Shadkam and O'Hara, 2013). In environments of moderate change, leverage strategies outperform position strategies because change is incremental and conventional which ensures that managers rotate strategically important resources in the industry. Although position strategy bases on the empire analogy, leverage strategy resembles chess in that competitive advantage results from having valuable pieces and ensuring smart moves with the pieces. Organizations pursuing leveraging strategy attain competitive advantage through their strategically essential resources within the existing as well as new industries at a rate consistent with market change. For instance, Pepsi owns various strategically important resources; however, the company has leveraged the resources to